Abstract
Cover image: solarseven/Shutterstock Series Editor Bruno S. Sergi Harvard University About the Series The aim of this Elements series is to deliver state-of-the-art, comprehensive coverage of the knowledge developed to date, including the dynamics and prospects of these economies, focusing on emerging markets’ economics, finance, banking, technology advances, trade, demographic challenges, and their economic relations with the rest of the world, as well as the causal factors and limits of economic policy in these markets. This Element critically examines the claim that United States economic sanctions on Venezuela constituted “collective punishment” of the Venezuelan population, contributing significantly to the country’s economic collapse and humanitarian crisis. Through comprehensive analysis of economic, developmental, and welfare indicators from 2013 to 2023, it demonstrates that the b